ANALYSIS OF THE RISK MANAGEMENT PROPERTIES OF GRAZING CONTRACTS VERSUS FUTURES AND OPTION CONTRACTS

A stochastic budget simulator and generalized stochastic dominance are used to compare the risk management properties of grazing contracts to futures and option contracts. The results show that the risks of backgrounding feeder cattle are reduced significantly for pasture owners in a grazing contract. However, the risks of the cattle owner in a grazing contract are not significantly reduced. The results show that generally risk adverse pasture owners prefer grazing contracts to integrated production when traditional hedging is used to manage price risks. In addition, grazing contracts compare favorably with put option contracts for some pasture owners.Backgrounding, Futures contracts, Grazing contracts, Options contracts, Risk management, Risk and Uncertainty,

QCA-Based Majority Gate Design under Radius of Effect-Induced Faults

This paper presents reliable QCA cell structures for designing single clock-controlled majority gates with a tolerance to radius of effect-induced faults, for use as a basic building component for carry look-ahead adder. Realizable quantum computing is still well in the future due to the complexity of the quantum mechanics that govern them. In this regard, QCA-based system design is a challenging task since each cell\u27\u27s state must interact with all the cells that are in its energy-effective range in its clocking zone, referred to as its radius of effect. This paper proposes a design approach for majority gates to overcome the constraints imposed by the radius of effect of each cell with respect to clock controls. Radius of effect induces faults that lead to constraints on the clocking scheme of majority gates. We show majority gate structures that operate with multiple radius of effect-induced faults under a single clock control. The proposed design approach to a single clock controlled majority gate ultimately facilitate more efficient and flexible clocking schemes for complex QCA designs